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Sex differences in memory
Although there are many physiological and psychological gender differences in humans, memory, in general, is fairly stable across the sexes. By studying the specific instances in which males and females demonstrate differences in memory, we are able to further understand the brain structures and functions associated with memory.
It is within specific experimental trials that differences appear, such as methods of recalling past events, explicit facial emotion recognition tasks, and neuroimaging studies regarding size and activation of different brain regions. Research seems to focus especially on gender differences in explicit memory. Like many other nuances of the human pysche, these differences are studied with the goal of lending insight to a greater understanding of the human brain.
==History of research==
Perceptions of gender differences in cognitive abilities date back to ancient Greece, when the early physician Hippocrates dubbed the term ‘hysteria’ or ‘wandering womb’ to account for emotional instability and mental illness in women. This diagnosis survived up until the mid-19th century and the beginning of the women's suffrage movement, and was used as evidence for women’s inability to handle intellectual work.〔 Prominent physicians of this era, including neurologist Sigmund Freud, argued that women were biologically suited to homemaking and housework, as they did not have enough blood to power both the brain and the uterus. When women began attending university in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, opponents asserted that the high demands of post-secondary education on the female brain would render women sterile.
The mass entrance of women into the workplace during World War I to replace the conscripted men fighting overseas, provided a turning point for views on women’s cognitive abilities. Having demonstrated that they were capable of functioning in the workplace, women gained the right to vote in post-war United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Though women were able to vote and hold paid employment, they were still not regarded as intellectually equal to men. The development of the encephalization quotient by Harry Jerison in 1973 seemed to confirm popular beliefs and about women’s cognitive abilities; this quotient was one of the first means of indirectly measuring brain size, and it demonstrated that women have, on average, smaller brain areas than men. Modern neuroscience has since demonstrated that women compensate for their smaller brains with increased neuronal density, and there are no significant differences in mean cognitive abilities between men and women. Recent advancements in neuropsychology and cognitive psychology have shown, however, that specific differences in cognition - including memory - do exist. There is an ongoing debate about the causes of those differences, with biology, genetics, culture, and environmental factors all likely contributing.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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